Molybdenum, canjin ƙarfe mai lamba 42 akan tebur na lokaci-lokaci, ya jawo hankali sosai don abubuwan sinadarai na musamman da aikace-aikace iri-iri. Alamar sinadarai ita ce Mo, kuma tana nuna farin ƙarfe{2} fari kuma yana da ƙarfi kuma mai dorewa. Molybdenum yana da ƙarfi a yanayin zafin daki, ba ya da iska kuma ba ya aiki da sinadarai tare da hydrochloric ko hydrofluoric acid. Wannan ya sa ya zama dole a fagage da yawa.
Molybdenum, lambar sigar karfen canji lamba 42 akan tebur na lokaci-lokaci, da farko yana wanzuwa azaman ma'adinan molybdenite (MoS2). Wannan ma'adinai mai laushi, baƙar fata an san shi tun zamanin da, amma kamancensa da ma'adanai irin su gubar, galena, da graphite ya sa ya yi wuya a bambanta daidai. A Girkanci, "molybdos" yana nufin gubar, kuma har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18, an sayar da karafa biyu tare da juna a kasuwannin Turai a matsayin molybdenum tama.
A cikin 1779, Scheele ya gwada gwaji ya nuna cewa gubar ko graphite da molybdenum abubuwa ne daban-daban. Ya lura cewa nitric acid ba shi da amsa tare da graphite, amma ya amsa da molybdenum tama don samar da farin foda. Bugu da ƙari kuma, lokacin da aka tafasa nitric acid da kuma maganin alkaline da aka yi da crystallized, gishiri ya hauhawa. Scheele ya yanke cewa wannan farin foda shine ainihin karfe oxide, molybdenum oxide. Ya yi kokarin hada wannan oxide da gawayi da dumama shi a yanayin zafi mai zafi, inda ya samu nasarar samar da danyen molybdenum. Ya kuma gano cewa dumama molybdenum tare da sulfur yana samar da mafi kyawun molybdenum.
A cikin 1782, mai hakar ma'adinai na Sweden Elmo ya gwada wata sabuwar hanya don cire molybdenum. Ya haɗa gawayi, molybdic acid, da man linseed don samun nasarar keɓe molybdenum na ƙarfe daga molybdenum tama. Ya sa masa suna molybdenum, mai alamar Mo. Shahararren masanin kimiyar Sweden Berzelius ne ya gane wannan binciken, wanda ba wai kawai ya gano abubuwa kamar su cerium, selenium, silicon, tantalum, da thorium ba, amma kuma aka gudanar a - zurfafa bincike kan kaddarorin molybdenum.
Lokacin da molybdenum karfe ya ƙone a cikin iska, yana fitar da haske na zinariya, kuma ions molybdenum a cikin jihohi daban-daban na oxygenation suna nuna launi daban-daban. Bayan fiye da shekaru 100 na bincike, sai a 1893 Mawson ya narke cakuda carbon da molybdenum trioxide a cikin tanderun lantarki, wanda ya samar da ƙarfe na farko tare da abun ciki na molybdenum na 92% -96%.
Ko da yake an gano molybdenum sama da shekaru 200 da suka gabata, babban ci gaba da amfani da shi ya fara a wannan karni, musamman a shekarun baya-bayan nan. Molybdenum da allunan sa sun sami aikace-aikacen tartsatsi a fagage da yawa saboda ƙarfin su, ƙarancin haɓakar haɓakar thermal, kyakkyawan yanayin zafi da wutar lantarki, da ficen lalata da juriya.
Ana amfani da molybdenum da farko a cikin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, bakin karfe, ƙarfe na kayan aiki, da simintin ƙarfe, inda buƙatun molybdenum ya yi yawa. Bugu da kari na molybdenum yana inganta juriya na bakin karfe sosai, yayin da kara molybdenum don jefa baƙin ƙarfe shima yana haɓaka ƙarfinsa da juriya. Bugu da ƙari, nickel{2} tushen superalloys masu ɗauke da 18% molybdenum suna da mahimman aikace-aikace a cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya. Babban wurin narkewar su, ƙarancin ƙima, da ƙarancin haɓakar haɓakar zafi ya sa su dace don kera manyan abubuwan zafi daban-daban-.
Molybdenum ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin kayan lantarki, gami da na'urorin lantarki kamar bututun lantarki, transistor, da masu gyarawa. Wayar molybdenum mai tsafta kuma tana da aikace-aikace masu mahimmanci a cikin manyan tanderu masu zafi, injin fitarwa na lantarki (EDM), da yanke waya{2}}. Ana kuma amfani da Molybdenum wajen kera rediyo da kayan aikin X{4}, da kuma sauran masana'antar gami da sinadarai.
Ƙara molybdenum zuwa gaɓar ƙarfe na iya ƙara haɓaka iyakokin su na roba, juriyar lalata, da kaddarorin maganadisu na dindindin. Molybdenum oxide da molybdates suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin masu kara kuzari a cikin masana'antar sinadarai da man fetur. Bugu da ƙari, molybdenum disulfide shine muhimmin mai mai a cikin sararin samaniya da masana'antar injuna. Juriya na musamman na sulfur yana ba shi damar haɓaka hydrogenation na carbon monoxide zuwa barasa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi.
Aikace-aikacen molybdenum yana ci gaba da fadadawa, yanzu ya ƙunshi sassa daban-daban, ciki har da makamashin nukiliya da sabon makamashi. Molybdenum kuma wani sinadari ne mai mahimmanci don ci gaban shuka kuma yana da mahimmanci ga tsirar tsirrai. A cikin aikin noma, ana amfani da molybdenum sosai a cikin takin mai magani don samar da muhimman abubuwan gina jiki ga tsirrai.
Molybdenum, wani sinadari da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a masana'antu da noma, shi ma yana taka rawa a jikin mutum. Jimlar adadin molybdenum a cikin jikin balagagge ya kai kusan MG 9, tare da hanta da kodan sune gabobin da ke da mafi girman adadin molybdenum. Yana da kyau a lura cewa Mo-99, isotope na rediyoaktif na molybdenum, ana amfani dashi a asibitoci don shirya Technetium-99. Technetium-99, isotope mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don hoton gabobin ciki. A lokacin daukar hoto, Mo-99 yawanci ana tunawa da foda na aluminum oxide kuma ana adana shi a cikin ƙaramin akwati. Kamar yadda Mo-99 ke rubewa, yana canzawa zuwa Technetium-99, wanda ake amfani da shi don bincikar likita.
Gano molybdenum ya samo asali ne tun a karni na 14, lokacin da aka fara gano shi a cikin kera takubban samurai na Japan, yana shigar da aikace-aikacen soja. A cikin 1891, kamfanin Faransa Snyder ya ƙirƙira ta hanyar amfani da molybdenum a matsayin sinadari mai haɗawa don samar da kayan sulke masu ɗauke da molybdenum, yana haɓaka ƙananan ƙarancinsa (rabin na tungsten kawai). Wannan binciken ya haifar da molybdenum a hankali ya maye gurbin tungsten a cikin gauran ƙarfe da yawa. Da barkewar yakin duniya na daya, samar da ferrotungsten ya yi karanci, kuma bukatar tungsten ya karu sosai, ya kara haifar da amfani da molybdenum a cikin manyan karafa{5}}tauri da tasiri-. Saboda karuwar mahimmancin molybdenum a cikin soja, gwamnatoci a duk duniya sun fara la'akari da shi a matsayin karfe mai mahimmanci. A farkon karni na 20, aikace-aikacen molybdenum sun haɓaka don haɗa manyan manyan makaman roka masu jure zafin jiki da haɓaka kayan haɓaka kamar tungsten da molybdenum gami. Molybdenum kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin ingantattun kayan aikin jiragen ruwa, rokoki, da manyan kayan aiki na ƙarshe.
Molybdenum alloys, wadanda ba - ferrous gami da aka haɗa da molybdenum haɗe da wasu abubuwa, suna da mahimmin abubuwan da suka haɗa da titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tungsten, da ƙananan abubuwan duniya. Wadannan allunan suna ba da kyakkyawan yanayin zafi mai kyau, ingantaccen ƙarfin lantarki, da ƙarancin haɓakar thermal. Suna nuna ƙarfi na musamman a yanayin zafi mai tsayi, kama daga 1100 zuwa 1650 digiri, kuma suna ba da ingantaccen kaddarorin sarrafawa idan aka kwatanta da tungsten. Saboda haka, molybdenum alloys ana amfani da su sosai a cikin aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da kera grids da anodes na bututun lantarki, kayan tallafi don hasken wutar lantarki, mutu{6}} simintin gyare-gyare da extrusion ya mutu, da kuma gina mahimman abubuwan haɗin sararin samaniya.
Koyaya, tare da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, buƙatar molybdenum ta ragu. Don magance wannan ƙalubalen, masana'antar tana buƙatar gaggawa don bincika sabbin aikace-aikace. An yi sa'a, sabon ƙaramin ƙarfe{2} molybdenum gami da ƙarfe ya sami karɓuwa a cikin masana'antar kera motoci, wanda ke nuna sabon zamani a cikin bincike da haɓaka molybdenum a wurare kamar ƙarfe. A ƙarshen 1930s, molybdenum ya kasance ana amfani da shi sosai azaman ɗanyen abu a masana'antu daban-daban, yana ba da tallafi mai ƙarfi don faɗaɗa kasuwa don molybdenum{5}mai ɗauke da karafan kayan aiki. Bayan -Ƙoƙarin sake gina Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya ƙara haɓaka bincike da haɓaka kasuwa a aikace-aikacen masana'antu na molybdenum.
Har wa yau, gami da karfe, bakin karfe, karfen kayan aiki, da simintin karfe sun kasance farkon aikace-aikacen molybdenum. Duk da haka, tare da ci gaban fasaha da ci gaban masana'antu, mun yi imanin cewa aikace-aikacen molybdenum zai ci gaba da fadada, yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban al'ummar bil'adama.
Molybdenum, mahimmin sinadari, ana samunsa da farko a cikin granite a cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Ma'adinan ma'adinan sa suna da sauƙin sauƙi, da farko sun ƙunshi nau'in sulfide. Bisa la'akari da muhimmiyar rawar da yake takawa a cikin makamin soji, manyan kasashe a duniya sun ayyana shi a matsayin ma'adinan ma'adinai masu mahimmanci. Ma'adinan ma'adinai masu mahimmanci an yi niyya ne don tabbatar da tsaron ƙasa da kuma tara albarkatun ma'adinai kaɗan a cikin ƙasata. A halin yanzu, kasashe goma a duk duniya sun kafa tsarin tsare-tsaren ajiyar ma'adinai masu mahimmanci. Kasata tana da arzikin molybdenum mai yawa, jimlar ton miliyan 8.6 (wanda aka auna a cikin molybdenum), wanda ajiyar masana'antu ya kai kusan tan miliyan 3.5, wanda ke matsayi na biyu a duniya. Waɗannan albarkatun ba manyan ba ne kawai kuma ana rarraba su sosai, har ma suna da manyan ma'auni na adibas da ma'auni, masu sauƙin isa ga ma'adanai, suna tasiri sosai ga kasuwar molybdenum ta duniya. Arewacin Amurka kuma yana da albarkatu masu yawa na molybdenum. Yana da kyau a lura cewa sarrafa albarkatun molybdenum na ƙasata ya fi na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba. A halin yanzu ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa tana shirin ayyana molybdenum a matsayin ma'adinan da aka kayyade, da aiwatar da jimillar kula da rabon ma'adinai da buga ma'auni daidai gwargwado. Wannan motsi yana nuna cewa molybdenum zai zama wani ma'adinai na musamman, yana haɗuwa da zinariya, tungsten, tin, antimony, da ƙananan ƙasa, don samun kariya da kulawa ta musamman daga jihar.
